1192 Optical Neuroimaging and Neurostimulation in Surgical Training & Assessment: A State-of-the-Art Review

Abstract Aim Understanding surgeons’ cognitive patterns may improve surgical training and patient outcomes. Functional near-infrared spectrometry (fNIRS) is a non-invasive optical neuroimaging method increasingly used in measuring cerebral cortical blood flow using the principle of neurovascular coupling. This review outlines effect expertise stress on neural activation highlight key progress areas required neuroergonomics to modulate performance. Method A literature search PubMed Embase was conducted identify studies fNIRS surgeons. data formed narrative review. Results Novices exhibit greater pre-frontal cortex than experts when performing simple tasks. Decreased correlates with decline performance response stress; an understanding pathways paves way for interception upstream subsequent deterioration Trends include measurement systemic (e.g. heart rate) regional scalp perfusion) physiology account confounding factors flow. FNIRS be more accurate current metrics being able reliably distinguish levels between trainees provide picture global state during surgery which could lead development benchmarks expertise. Advances machine learning facilitating improved processing will aid bedside use, offering possibility live feedback surgeon’s or operating. Conclusions burgeoning technology multiple applications potential operative